What Is Public or Community Archaeology

Public Archaeology (called Community Archaeology in the UK) is the practice of presenting archaeological data and interpretations of that data to the public. It seeks to engage the interest of members of the public, passing along what archaeologists have learned, by way of books, pamphlets, museum displays, lectures, television programs, Internet websites, and excavations which are open to visitors. Often, public archaeology has an expressly stated goal to encourage the preservation of archaeological ruins, and, less commonly, continued government support of excavation and preservation studies associated with construction projects. Such publicly funded projects are part of what is known as Heritage Management (HM) or Cultural Resource Management (CRM). Much of public archaeology is conducted by museums, historical societies, and professional archaeology associations. Increasingly, CRM studies in the United States and Europe have required a public archaeology component, arguing that the results paid for by a community should be returned to that community. Public Archaeology and Ethics However, archaeologists must also face a range of ethical considerations when developing public archaeology projects. Such ethical considerations include the minimizing of looting and vandalism, the discouragement of international trade in antiquities, and privacy issues associated with studied peoples. Looting: Making the location of an archaeological site known to the public, or imparting information concerning the artifact assemblage recovered from a known site may make it attractive to looters, people who want to rob the site of artifacts which may still be buried there. Vandalism: Many aspects of archaeological research are difficult for the general public to accept, such as aspects of the differences between cultures and past cultural behaviors of modern people. Reporting information about the past that makes a particular cultural group look less than ideal (e.g., evidence of slavery or cannibalism), or elevate one group over another can result in​ targeted vandalism of the ruins. International Trade: Laws prohibiting international trade in artifacts looted from archaeological sites are not consistent nor consistently followed. Showing pictures of precious objects recovered from archaeological sites arguably makes those objects more worth having, and thus can unwitting ly encourage trade in antiquities, which can lead to additional looting. Privacy Issues: Some cultural groups, particularly minorities and under-represented peoples, feel sensitive about their past being used for what they may view as essentially a Euro-American past-time. Presenting archaeological data that reveals secular or religious information about a particular group may be offensive to such groups, particularly if members of the group are not participants in the research. Presenting Coherent Public Archaeology The problem is straightforward  if the answer is not. Archaeological research tends to reveal one sliver of truth about the past, colored by a range of preconceptions on the part of the excavator, and the decayed and broken pieces of the archaeological record. However, that data often reveals things about the past that people dont want to hear. So, the public archaeologist walks the line between celebrating the past and encouraging its protection, revealing some unpleasant truths about what being a human being is like  and supporting the ethical and fair treatment of people and cultures everywhere. Public Archaeology is not, in short, for sissies. I want to sincerely thank all of the scholars who continue to help me bring their academic research to the general public, sacrificing time and effort to assure that I present considered, thoughtful and accurate descriptions of their research. Without their input, the Archaeology at About.com site would be much poorer. Sources and Further Information A Bibliography of Public Archaeology, consisting of publications since 2005, has been created for this page. Public Archaeology Programs This is only a handful of the many public archaeology programs available in the world. Community Archaeology Ltd, Yorkshire, EnglandFlorida Public archaeology Network, based in Pensacola Yates Community Public Archaeology, Carol McDavids pioneering program on the Levi Jordan Plantation in Brazzoria, TexasPublic Archaeology Facility research center at University of Binghamton The Dirt on Public Archaeology, blog Public Archaeology Laboratory, CRM firm based in Rhode Island Center for Heritage Resources Studies, Maryland Peralta Hacienda Park, Oakland California Other Definitions of Public Archaeology Public Archaeology at the SAA Public Archaeology, The Matrix

Plagiarism The Problem of Cheating Your Way Through Essay

Plagiarism is an illegal form of copying, it is when you take work that someone else has done and calling it your own. Plagiarism is illegal, and is unfair to the author who actually took the time to write it. Plagiarism, even if on accident is still stealing work from others. By plagiarizing you are not only hurting the people around you, but you are also hurting yourself because by plagiarizing you aren’t learning anything for yourself. People who plagiarize don’t only hurt themselves, they also hurt the people around them, like their classmates and the school they attend. There are many forms of plagiarism, some examples are taking paragraphs from articles or book and including them in your paper without using proper citations.†¦show more content†¦Also when you plagiarize you penalize yourself and everyone else who depend on you for the knowledge they lack. If one is found guilty of plagiarism in college, the consequences can be much more severe. Usually the first time a student in college is found guilty of plagiarizing, the teacher may just give you a zero on the assignment, or make you redo your work. The second time or more a student is found guilty of plagiarism it may fail the student for the course. Some of the more extreme consequences for plagiarism include things like academic suspension, expulsion and temporary or permanent transcription of plagiarism. Some more penalties may also include loss of academic scholarship, and can cause failure to receive credit for the course that the student was taking. For example, in 2012 Harvard Law School undergraduates were investigated for plagiarizing on a government course exam, and half of the students were found guilty of plagiarizing and received a mandatory two-semester suspension from the school. 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Health and Safety Plan

Question: 1. What are the problems and limitations of WHSMS? 2. How communicate and explain evaluation of WHS performance to others in relation to areas that require changes? Answer: 1. While implementing health and safety plan, there are some common limitations have been found. It has been found that most of the employees think safety as someone elses problem. For this reason they become negligent and increases risk at workplace (Saracino et al. 2012). It has been found that management of the organization does not really care about safety at workplace. They are only concerned about performance. They put productivity and performance ahead of safety measures. The management of the organization believes in too much paper work related with safety producers rather than implementation. Rather than taking precautions, they like to react to injuries. It has been found that management does not found it necessary to involved people (employees) with the risk management procedure. It has been found that the new risk management system is too complicated for the business (Goh et al. 2012). It has been found that the implemented risk management system is too complicated to und erstand for some employees within the organization. Moreover it has been found that the monitoring system is inefficient. The management does not review the system regularly. While implementing health Safety plan, it has been found that most of the employees do not have sufficient training and information about workplace health and safety. Most of the employees only have technical training (work related). For this reason they become negligent to their safety and safety of others. 2. In order to implement a suitable change in any given organization regarding health and safety management, it is necessary that the employees be committed to practices of safety management. There are several steps, which would be quite effective for the successful implementation of the health and safety practices. The first step that would be most necessary is proper review and evaluation of the organizational systems. The second step would be focusing on planning to come to a most crucial strategy for health and safety management practice. The third step would be undertaking action for implementing the changes within the organization according to the planning (Goh et al. 2012). Most generally, these actions include injury management, emergency readiness, contractor management, incident investigation, training and supervision as well as hazard management. The improvement of the health and safety management practice must be conducted through a distinct cycle, which can be considered as improvement cycle. Figure 1: Improvement Cycle (Source: Goh et al. 2012) The organization is continuously stayed at risk from various hazards as well as risk factors. Therefore, it is evident that the organization needed to implement this particular management practices quite urgently so that the organization can improve its performance regarding the health and safety practice. The review part of the improvement cycle can effectively identify the injury factors as well as hazards (Saracino et al. 2012). In addition to that, the current systems and practices can effectively identify by these improvement cycle. The planning part has the capability to identify the effective objectives. Moreover, it can successfully determine the necessary sources. However, it is evident that the planning, review as well as action of improvement cycle must be executed with proper specialist advice. Reference list Goh, Y.M., Love, P.E., Stagbouer, G. and Annesley, C., 2012. Dynamics of safety performance and culture: A group model building approach.Accident Analysis Prevention,48, pp.118-125. Saracino, A., Spadoni, G., Curcuruto, M., Guglielmi, D., Bocci, V.M., Cimarelli, M., Dottori, E. and Violante, F.S., 2012. A new model for evaluating occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS).Chemical Engineering Transactions,26, pp.519-524.